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Some epidemiological studies have reported a relationship between thyroid dysfunctions and the risk of breast cancer’s giving the similarities between estrogen and thyroid function. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating the level of thyroid gland hormones, TSH and estrogen in breast cancer patients. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the month of September to November 2019. A total of 60 subjects attending breast cancer screening clinic of Federal Medical Center and Imo State University, Owerri were recruited for this study. The 60 subjects are between the ages of 20-60 years. The 60 subjects were divided into two groups: Group 1 (Test) consists of 30 females with breast cancer. Group 2 (Control) consists of 30 apparently healthy women with no breast cancer. Blood samples were collected, and the level of thyroid hormone and estrogen was determined. Data generated was then analysed using SPSS version 21. There was no significant difference (p=0.308 and p=0.626 respectively) in the mean value of T3 and T4 in breast cancer patients (3.42±0.07 and 1.41±0.15 respectively)µIU/ml when compared to Controls (3.11±0.64 and 1.35±0.23)µIU/ml. The mean value of TSH was significantly increased (p=0.02) in breast cancer patients (2.79±1.05)Pmol/ml when compared to controls (1.40±0.17)Pmol/ml. The mean value of estrogen was significantly increased (p=0.000) in breast cancer patients (540.39±66.70)pg/ml when compared to controls (222.10±58.09)pg/ml. There was a non significant negative correlation of serum estrogen with serum T3, and T4, (r= -0.253, p=0.682 and r=-0.107, p=0.864). There was a non significant positive correlation of serum estrogen with serum TSH (r=0.380, p=0.528). There is a strong association between breast cancer and serum concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone and estrogen, but there is no alteration in TSH hormones in breast cancer.

Previous studies indicate that uterine fibroid is associated with estrogen and other female reproductive hormones and abnormal cell proliferation. This study is aimed at determining hormones of the pituitary/gonadal axis and some trace elements in women with uterine fibroids. The study was conducted at the Obstetrics and Gynaecology unit of the Federal Medical Centre, Owerri. A total of fifty (50) subjects were recruited for the study, their blood samples were collected and used for the laboratory diagnosis of testosterone, oestrogen, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Leutinizing Hormone (LH) and trace elements. All reagents used were commercially prepared and procured and the manufacturer’s standard operating procedures were strictly followed. All data generated from this study were subjected to statistical analysis, mean, Standard deviations, student’s t-Test, and were determined using SPSS Statistical package software for windows version 21. Results shows that serum estrogen concentration (307.71 + 71.73 mIU/L) and Testosterone concentration (3.90+ 1.08 ng/ml) was significantly higher in uterine fibroid when compared with the serum concentrations of Oestrogen (173.67+ 33.98 mIU /L) and testosterone (1.26+ 0.39 ng/ml) in control subjects at p=0.002 and p=0.000 respectively. The mean value of serum FSH (4.45+ 0.72 IU/ml) and LH (3.15+ 0.84 IU/ml) was significantly lower in uterine fibroid when compared with the mean value of serum FSH (10.69+ 2.64 IU/ml) and LH (6.10+ 0.79 IU/ml) in control subjects at p=0.000 and p=0.000 respectively. The mean value of serum copper (5.99+ 0.62 ?g/dl) and zinc (7.86+ 0.76?mol /L) was significantly lower in uterine fibroid when compared with the mean value of copper (8.56+ 1.19 ?g/dl) and Zinc (9.25+ 0.83 ?mol /L) in control subjects at p=0.000 and p=0.004 respectively. There is an alteration in the level of testosterone, estrogen, FSH, LH and trace element in women with uterine fibroid. In conclusion, increased circulating levels of testosterone with estradiol in women of child bearing age can be a higher risk factors in the development of uterine fibroid.

Peptic ulcer has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some non-gastric pathology, especially in cardiovascular disease. This study is aimed at determining the levels of markers of atherogenecity and inflammation in H. pylori infected peptic ulcer patients. A total of 60 subjects were recruited for the study of which 40 were subjects with peptic ulcer (20 are peptic ulcer patients with H.pylori and 20 are peptic ulcer patients without H. pylori) while 20 were healthy subjects. Five (5mls) of fresh venous blood was collected from all the participants by venepuncture using sterile needle and syringe. It was dispensed into clean plain sample container, and allowed to cloth and retract. The serum were separated into plain containers and stored at -20°c prior to use. All reagents were commercially purchased and the manufacturer’s operational instructions were strictly followed. Lipid profile, malondialdehyde and C-reactive protein was determined using the following procedures. Lipid profile was determined using enzymatic method, malondialdehyde was determined using enzymatic method while C-reactive protein was determined using ELISA method. All values were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The statistical analysis was carried out using student’s t-test. Values with level of significance (p<0.05) was considered to be statistically significant. There was a significant increase (p=0.002, p=0.005, p=0.000, and p=0.000 respectively) in the mean value of total cholesterol (181.73± 16.50)mg/dl, triglyceride (114.04±19.07)mg/dl, MDA (3.63±0.58)mmol/L and C-reactive protein (4.32±0.97)ug/ml in Peptic Ulcer Patients without H.pylori when compared to controls (152.00±13.90)mg/dl, (82.76±16.50)mg/dl, (2.14±0.32)mg/dl and (1.78±0.37)ug/ml respectively. The mean value of HDL was significantly reduced (p=0.000) in Peptic Ulcer Patients without H.pylori (36.93±7.25)mg/dl when compared to control (55.46+ 4.94)mg/dl. There was a significant increase (p=0.001, p=0.003, p=0.000, and p=0.000 respectively) in the mean value of total cholesterol (241.14±44.90)mg/dl, triglyceride (136.36±30.65)mg/dl, MDA (4.71±0.54)mmol/L and C-reactive protein (6.09±1.03)ug/ml in Peptic Ulcer Patients with H.pylori when compared to controls (152.00±13.90)mg/dl, (82.76±16.50)mg/dl, (2.14±0.32)mg/dl and (1.78±0.37)ug/ml respectively. The mean values of HDL was significantly reduced (p=0.000) in Peptic Ulcer Patients with H. pylori (31.32± 5.96)mg/dl when compared to control (55.46±4.94)mg/dl. There was a significant increase (p=0.007, p=0.003 and p=0.006 respectively) in the mean value of total cholesterol (241.14± 44.90)mg/dl, MDA (4.71±0.54)mmol/L and C-reactive protein (6.09±1.03)ug/ml in peptic ulcer patients with H.pylori when compared with Peptic Ulcer Patients without H. pylori (181.73±16.50)mg/dl, (3.63±0.58)mmol/L and (4.32±0.97)ug/ml respectively. There was no significant difference (p=0.128 and p=0.140 respectively) in the mean value of triglyceride (136.36±30.65)mg/dl and HDL (31.32±5.96)mg/dl in Peptic Ulcer Patients with H.pylori infectionwhen compared to Peptic Ulcer Patients with H.pylori infection (114.04±19.07)mg/dl and (36.93±7.25)mg/dl respectively Though there was some differences in the individual results. H. pylori infected peptic ulcer is associated with increased level of total cholesterol, triglyceride, malondialdehyde and C-reactive protein and a decreased level of HDL. From these results, there is a clear indication of inflammation and dyslipidaemia, which suggest acute association of H.pylori infection with cardiovascular diseases in peptic ulcer patients.